Foolish Wives (1922)

Erich von Stroheim is a complex and compromised figure from early cinema history. His entire legacy is built on contradictions and missed potential. He was very much a man of his time: His style of commentary was built around postwar politics and shifting cultural mores. This makes him tough to penetrate for modern viewers, especially in comparison to the likes of the more timeless Chaplin and Keaton. con Stroheim was one of the great American silent-era filmmakers, but he intentionally left his ethnicity and origin ambiguous. He was defined by his enigmatic foreign image moreso than anything specifically American. He cultivated an outsider image from the start of his career by starring as a villainous barbarian in 1910s military propaganda films.

What von Stroheim is best remembered for is a cultural tragedy: None of the films from the peak of his creative output remain extant in a complete form. His three most famous films — Foolish Wives, Greed, and The Wedding March — were each chopped up by studio editors, with the majority of film shot for each film lost. (Greed, in particular, is one of lost cinema’s white whales; a legendary 8-hour version screened only once.) It’s like if Orson Welles had never managed to release Citizen Kane, and all we had of his was the compromised cut of The Magnificent Ambersons.

The earliest of von Stroheim’s butchered epics is Foolish Wives, which debuted for Universal in 1922 as the most expensive film ever made to that point. The film’s marketing and reputation hinged on a massive set recreating Monte Carlo. Universal executives even proposed naming film Monte Carlo to play up that aspect. What the film delivers runs much deeper than a glitzy gambling spectacle, though.

Upon completion of the project, Foolish Wives ran over 17,000 feet long. I’m not an expert on silent film display technology, but at the 20fps on 35mm film, that comes to well over four hours. Some reports cite a cut running more than six hours. This was an unprecedented length for a film, considerably surpassing Intolerance’s 3.5 hours. (Fritz Lang that same year pioneered a two-part release with his outstanding gangster epic Dr. Mabuse the Gambler, clocking in at about 4.5 hours. von Stroheim would later use the two-part release tactic for The Wedding March / The Honeymoon.)

Universal unleashed its corporate editors onto the film and ended up with two cuts: one for an American release, one for a European release. Both sliced and diced the original of at least half of its runtime. The closest thing that we have to a definitive version today is reassembled from salvaged prints of both cuts, totaling about two and a half hours (presumably sped to 24fps). We have some scripts and contemporary reports, but we can never know exactly what this film’s legacy would be if it had been fully preserved. Would it be regarded as one of the towering masterpieces of cinema? An overstuffed endurance exercise? The answer is probably somewhere in between.

The film is a morally murky satire about the excesses of the wealthy. It stars von Stroheim as Sergius Karamzin, a man who claims to be a Russian Count. (von Stroheim, by the way, is every bit the talent as an actor as he is a director.) Karamzin is a counterfeiter and fraud who spends his time with people who aren’t what they say, but the film notably does not definitively state one way or the other whether he actually is a Russian Count, leaving some kernel of ambiguity in his arc.

Karamzin schemes with two of his cousins who pose as princesses, Olga (Maude George) and Vera (Mae Busch). Together, they live a lavish lifestyle with money made through scams in which they seduce wealthy men and women then siphon off money. Olga and Vera are rendered as minor side characters in the film’s cut we have today: They presumably played much bigger roles in the original extended version.

The film’s story traces Karamzin’s seduction of the vain and uber-wealthy Helen Hughes (Miss DuPont) that ultimately leads to his downfall. As he plays sweet to Hughes, he operates multiple ongoing get-rich-quick schemes on the side, including a counterfeiting operation laundered through a local casino. The figures involved in his various operations start crossing paths, which causes the walls to slowly close around Karamzin.

(One historical tidbit: The fake money printing in the counterfeit scenes was so elaborate and realistic that the FBI briefly shut down production so they could verify that the filmmakers were not doing any real-life counterfeiting. That’s why props of paper cash in modern movies are designed to look noticeably fake.)

As Karamzin gets closer to seducing and defrauding Helen, he makes the mistake of dipping a finger into one too many pies; or women, as the case may be. The kind-hearted maid Maruschka (Dale Fuller), whom Karamzin casually strings along with fake proclamations of love, realizes the depth of his treachery, burning down his manor and killing herself. Karamzin is outed as scam artist and booted from town.

And yet Karamzin’s lust has not been sated. His slide to irredeemable villainy is complete: He rapes the daughter of his counterfeiter, who catches him in the act and kills him.

Foolish Wives is a remarkable achievement of filmmaking even in its diminished form. von Stroheim insists the hack job ruined the movie, taking out much of the setup and eliminating important scenes that would have deepened characters and enriched side plots. It also stripped some crucial scenes of their sharpest bite. For example, we know parts of the harrowing ending were trimmed: The rape scene, where Karamzin crosses the metaphorical gates of Hell, was completely eliminated minus a suggestive fade to black. Denouement scenes following Karamzin’s death were thinned out, too: After witnessing Karamzin’s web of troubles and treachery connect so many in the ensemble, we get little payoff as to how they feel and how their lives have changed after his untimely passing, which is anticlimactic.

Other parts of the movie end up jumbled or incoherent by the sloppy studio editing: Helen gives birth near the end of the film despite no previous mention of her pregnancy, for example. Some of the images clearly meant to echo each other — e.g. the parallel lives Karamzin lives in the counterfeiting operation vs. the casino scams vs. the seductions — are hinted at but not thoroughly explored.

On the other hand, I wonder if the forced editing is a blessing in disguise. Any film longer than three hours, let alone one double that length, is a tough proposition for a viewer. It really needs to justify its scope. Clearly, the way Foolish Wives was cut to the bone has reduced a silent film epic masterpiece into something of less ambition. But I suspect it has made the film more watchable and less indulgent.

Watching Foolish Wives in the context of films from the same era is a revelation: Compared to DW Griffith, in particular, who dealt primarily with archetypal, flat characters of simple morality, von Stroheim’s characters are multidimensional and complicated, with nuanced motivations and personalities and shifting morals. That’s what makes it such effective satire of the aloof and clueless wealthy class. Even the bloodsucking, greedy exploiters are recognizable humans with understandable motivations. The topics are very adult with almost none of the patronizing you often find in early melodramas. The sex is frank for the 1920’s, as is the boozing and gambling nightlife.

Just as striking as the mature pre-Hays Code writing is the terrific filmmaking. Foolish Wives advances the cinematic visual language with innovations in technique beautifully deployed. von Stroheim communicates so much information visually, and with pleasing sensibility. For example, the disorienting amorality of scamming the wealthy with counterfeit money is accompanied by some of the most expressionistic lighting of any film I’ve seen: stark black and white bars of lights visually replicate the world’s lawlessness and disorder, good and evil a dizzying puzzle.

von Stroheim makes sophisticated use of point-of-view shots and clever shot sequencing. The film repeatedly cuts between close-ups of individual’s faces and whatever that character’s fascination of the moment is. This is done most memorably in a few early scenes, including a sensuous pan where the lascivious Karamzin ogles a teenager. This technique places us deep in the head of the characters, making them both more human and more repulsive. This kind of psychological editing is more sophisticated than most other filmmakers were trying in the early ’20s. It hints at the adventurous revolution to editing that was only a couple years away in Europe.

It’s tough to know just how high in the pantheon of great silent films to elevate Foolish Wives. In addition to its partially-extant conundrum, there’s also an odd idiosyncratic flavor that sometimes drowns out what’s around it. von Stroheim sometimes follows his whims rather than common sense: The biggest culprit of this is a scene where a literal angel seems to guard Helen Hughes from Karamzin’s lust. In a movie so otherwise absent religious tones, it sticks out like a sore thumb.

But overall, there is no doubt that this film is a triumph, even with its asterisk. It is perhaps the most psychologically rich of the films included in the 1001 Films to See Before You Die list up to this point chronologically, though it’s not as eminently watchable as Nosferatu or Dr. Caligari. It’s just as complex and novelistic as Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler, and even more emotionally effective.

More than anything else, it excites me to dive deeper into silent cinema’s great works — von Stroheim’s catalog, especially. Silent cinema is slowly fading from the critical canon (see: the latest Sight and Sound poll), and Stroheim’s legacy specifically is slowly vanishing, but the medium and its great artists offer some terrific and complex treasures.

(I watched the Kino Blu-ray and listened to Richard Koszarski’s commentary.)

Is It Good?

Very Good (6/8)

A few words on "Is It Good?" ratings for early cinema.

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Dan is the founder and head critic of The Goods. Follow Dan on Letterboxd. Join the Discord for updates and discussion.